Upgrading infrastructure
As a result of varied rules, often incompatible systems, and poor infrastructure, it currently takes 45 days or more to move military equipment from ports in western Europe to Ukraine and other eastern NATO allies, according to a recent EU commission report. According to McKinsey, more than USD 2 trillion will be spent upgrading aerospace and defense infrastructure around the world between 2025 and 2040. However, those investments are dwarfed by the broader needs to upgrade transportation, energy, and digital systems. In total, McKinsey estimates that USD 106 trillion in investments are required to upgrade infrastructure around the world through 2040.
Source: McKinsey, November 2025